content of /etc/fstab in linux

The syntax of a fstab entry is :

/dev/hda2 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hdb1 /home ext2 defaults 1 2
/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom auto ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0
/dev/fd0 /media/floppy auto rw,noauto,user,sync 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/hda1 swap swap pri=42 0 0
=========================================================================
[Device] [Mount Point] [File System Type] [Options] [Dump] [Pass]

fields

description

<device>

The device/partition (by /dev location or UUID) that contain a file system.

<mount point>

The directory on your root file system (aka mount point) from which it will be possible to access the content of the device/partition (note: swap has no mount point). Mount points should not have spaces in the names.

<file system type>

Type of file system (see LinuxFilesystemsExplained).

<options>

Mount options of access to the device/partition (see the man page for mount).

<dump>

Enable or disable backing up of the device/partition (the command dump). This field is usually set to 0, which disables it.

<pass num>

Controls the order in which fsck checks the device/partition for errors at boot time. The root device should be 1. Other partitions should be 2, or 0 to disable checking.

auto display script on login

edit this file so that on log in  , it automatically gets displayed the content or any script in this file !!

 /etc/motd

How to use template tool kit


vi /var/www/cgi-bin/somescript.pl

--------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/perl

use File::Copy;
use strict ;
use warnings;
use Data::Dumper ;
use CGI;
use Template;
 use Socket;
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
my $remote_host = '59.163.11.66';
exit  unless($ENV{REMOTE_ADDR} eq $remote_host );

my $tt = Template->new( INCLUDE_PATH => "/var/www/html/formBackup" ) || die "template process failed: $!";
my $q = new CGI;
my $editfile = "/tmp/aa1.$$" ;
my @allmastercf = qw(/etc/postfix /etc/postfix2nd );
my $hostname = `hostname`;


my %hash = get_ips();
##print Dumper ([\%hash]);
my (%postfixinstance,%ipsfile,%tag,%ips,$ptr,$myip,$iaddr,$name);
my %hash1;


my $ERRORS="";
foreach my $mastercf (@allmastercf) {
copy("$mastercf/master.cf", $editfile);
my @array1;
open (IN,$editfile ) or die "cannot open file ";
# -o smtp_mbind_address=/etc/postfix/ips_intoday
while (<IN>) {
        chomp;
        next unless /smtp_mbind_address=(\/\S+),?\b/;
        push(@array1, $1) ;
}

push(@array1, "$mastercf/ips") ;
close (IN);

my @ips;
my @nofiles ;
my @noips;




foreach my $ipfile (@array1) {
  unless(open (IN1, "$ipfile")){
    print STDERR "Could not open  $ipfile\n";
    next;
  }
while (<IN1>) {
chomp;
$iaddr = inet_aton("$_"); # or whatever address
$name  = gethostbyaddr($iaddr, AF_INET);
push (@ips, "<br>$_ --> $name</br>");


#$hash1{$mastercf}{$ipfile} = "@ips";
}
  close (IN1) ;
push @{$hash1{ipandfile}},{ip=>"@ips",ipfile=>$ipfile};
@ips ="";

}

push @{$tag{resulth}},{instance=>$mastercf},{info=>$hash1{ipandfile}};

%hash1 = ();
}

#
# Return a hash array %ret = ( '192.168.2.1' => 'eth0:1' , '192.168.2.2' => 'eth0:2' );
#
#print Dumper ([\%tag]);
$tt->process("serverips.html",\%tag) || die $tt->error();




sub get_ips {
        my (%hash);
        my ($ifconfig)="/sbin/ifconfig";
        my (@lines)=qx|$ifconfig | or die("Can't get info from ifconfig: ".$!);
        foreach(@lines){
                if(/inet addr:([\d.]+)/){
                        $hash{$1}++  ;
                }
        }
        return %hash;
}


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vi /var/www/html/formBackup/servreip.html



------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>netcore Data backup </title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/databu/view.css" media="all">
<script type="text/javascript" src="/databu/view.js"></script>

</head>
<body id="main_body1" >

<img id="top" src="/databu/to1p.png" alt="">
<div id="form_container">

<h1><a>EMM server instance ips  and PTR  </a></h1>
<div class="form_description">
<!--<p>This is the file is written to /etc/backup/BACKUPDAILY</p> -->
</div>
<ul >

<li id="li_1" >
<label class="description" for="element_1">EMM server instance ips  and PTR </label>

<table width="681" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="darkGray">
  <tbody align="left" valign="baseline" bgcolor="lightGray">
    <tr>
      <td><h3>Instance</h3> </td>
      <td><h3><CENTER>IP    ---> PTR </CENTER></h3></td>
      <td><h3>IP File</h3></td>
    </tr>
[% FOREACH item IN resulth %]
    <tr>
      <td bgcolor="lightBlue">[% item.instance %]</td></tr>
      [% FOREACH item2 IN item.info %]
      <tr>
      <td>&nbsp;</td>
      <td>[% item2.ip %]</td>
      <td>[% item2.ipfile %]</td>
    </tr>
    [% END %]
[% END %]
  </tbody>
</table>




</li>

<li class="buttons">
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="286586" />

</li>
</ul>
</div>
<img id="bottom" src="/databu/bottom.png" alt="">
</body>
</html>
---------------------

pxeboot installations how to



wget http://192.168.10.105/pxebootCentos54_64bit.tgz
  • untar pxebootCentos54_64bit.tgz to your /boot
  • add the following to /etc/grub.conf
 title CentOS 5.4 Installation
root (hd0,0)
kernel /pxeboot/vmlinuz ro root=LABEL=/ ip=192.168.50.110 netmask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.168.2.234
dns=192.168.2.234 hostname=centos44 text ks=http://202.162.242.200/ks.cfg ksdevice=eth0
initrd /pxeboot/initrd.img

this is the ks.fcg file http://192.168.10.105/ks.cfg

auth  --useshadow  --enablemd5
install
url --url=http://192.168.10.105/CentOS54X
lang en_US
keyboard us
network --bootproto=static --device=eth0 --ip=206.183.108.166 --netmask=255.255.255.0 --gateway=206.183.108.1 --nameserver=209.120.245.58 --hostname=dell860-535.rapidns.com --onboot=on
zerombr
rootpw --iscrypted $1$4kHiDPby$etAhqn01O83WXVXju0K/S/
firewall --disable
firstboot --disable
authconfig --enableshadow --enablemd5
selinux --disable
timezone Asia/Calcutta
bootloader --location=mbr --append="rhgb quiet"
zerombr yes
skipx

clearpart --all
part --ondrive=sda / --fstype ext3 --size=1 --grow
part --ondrive=sda /boot --fstype ext3 --size=200 --asprimary
part --ondrive=sda swap --size=7024


reboot

%packages
@base
@editors
@core
@development-libs
@development-tools
@sql-server
kernel-devel
emacs



  • make the above added kernel image to be default image to boot and reboot the server.
  • After reboot Centos 5.4 installation will begin.

Script removes all old files from particular directories

#!/bin/bash
#
# This Script removes all old files from particular directories
#
set -x
remFiles(){
  path=`echo $1`   # This is inefficient but We dont expect too many files
  days=$2
  dirs=$3
  for dir in $path;do
    if [ -z "$dirs" ];then
        find "$dir"   -mtime  +$days -type f -exec rm -vf {} \;
    else
        find "$dir"   -mtime  +$days -type d -exec rm -vfr {} \;
    fi
  done
}
remFiles "/net/serverbackup/backup/*" "2"


Important things to know in apache


Email

ServerAdmin

ServerAdmin webmaster@domain.com

Sets the email address for the server administrator - this will be used if you have setup the server to contact you on errors. It is also shown in the ServerSignature (if set to 'Email' - see below)

Domain Name

ServerName and ServerAlias

ServerName domain.com
ServerAlias www.domain.com

Sets the domain name for the virtual host. You can have as many aliases as required. For example, you can have domain.com and domain.net point to the same content.

Note this is not a rewrite rule (we'll look at those later) but the domains defined here will serve the same content (assuming you have set the DNS to point to your Slice IP).

Index Files

DirectoryIndex

DirectoryIndex index.html

Defines the index file (the 'home' page that is shown on entering the domain address). Useful if you have want the user to be directed to an alternate page or to a non-standard home page.

Do note this is not a good way of redirecting users as they may go directly to a non specified page such as domain.com/index.php whilst the DirectoryIndex will only work for those entering domain.com.

Documents

DocumentRoot

DocumentRoot /home/demo/public_html/domain.com/public

The location of the domain's public files. Use an absolute path name.

Log Files

ErrorLog and CustomLog

LogLevel warn
ErrorLog /home/demo/public_html/domain.com/log/error.log
CustomLog /home/demo/public_html/domain.com/log/access.log combined

Set the Log levels and the location for the Virtual Hosts log files. Very useful for easy analysis of the domain statistics.

Error Documents

ErrorDocument

ErrorDocument 404 /errors/404.html
ErrorDocument 403 /errors/403.html

Used for all the standard error messages.

In these examples I have an 'errors' folder in my public directory. I created each error document and place them in the 'errors' folder. The paths shown are relative to the DocumentRoot folder defined above.

If not defined, Apache will generated its own error pages. Custom error pages are more user friendly and can be customised as much, or as little, as you want.

Apache Footers

ServerSignature

ServerSignature On

Sets whether the server details are displayed in any server generated error pages or index lists. Options are On, Off and Email.

Note the level of detail in the signature is configured via ServerTokens which cannot be set in the Virtual Hosts file - only in the main apache2.conf. See the Apache configuration #2 article for more details.

If set to Email, the ServerAdmin email will be displayed.

cgi-bin

ScriptAlias

ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /home/demo/public_html/domain.com/cgi-bin/
<Location /cgi-bin>
Options +ExecCGI
</Location>

Enables the cgi-bin location as defined by the custom virtual hosts layout. You can, of course, leave the cgi-bin in the DocumentRoot location if you so wish.

Directory

<Directory xxx/xxx>

<Directory /home/demo/public_html/domain.com/public>
Options FollowSymLinks
</Directory>

Set the Options for the specified directory - the example shown allows the Option FollowSymLinks to be enable for the public directory of domain.com

Listed below are further Options that can be set:

Directory Browsing

Options

Options -Indexes

To turn off directory browsing use '-Indexes' or 'None'. To turn them on, use '+Indexes'.

SSI

Options

Options -Includes

This Option disables Server Side Inlcudes.

Symlinks

Options

Options -FollowSymLinks

Enable or disable the option to follow symlinks. Be careful with this option as it can lead to security risks (inadvertently linking to configuration folders).

Dejay Clayton made a good suggestion in using SymLinksIfOwnerMatch instead of FollowSymLinks.

The SymLinksIfOwnerMatch allows symbolic links to be followed only if the owner of the link is identical to the owner of the target file or directory. Thus preventing many of the security risks than a simple FollowSymlinks can create.

.htaccess

AllowOverride

AllowOverride None

Setting AllowOverride to none disables .htaccess support. Set to All to allow them.

You can also specify which .htaccess features to enable such as:

AllowOverride AuthConfig Indexes

The Apache AllowOverride docs has more information on the different features.

Remember to specifically protect your .htaccess file. This can be done in two ways:

Firstly rename it to something obscure and, secondly, deny access to the file from external sources:

AccessFileName .myobscurefilename
<Files ~ "^\.my">
Order allow,deny
Deny from all
Satisfy All
</Files>

No Options

Options

Options None

This will turn off all the available options.

Hierarchy

Remember that the Options directives can be set per directory like this:

<Directory />
AllowOverride None
Options None
</Directory>

<Directory /home/demo/public_html/domain.com/public>
AllowOverride All
</directory>

This will turn of all Options and disable .htaccess support for all directories.

However, the second Directory setting will override the first and allow .htaccess support for the domain.com/public directory.

Summary

The Virtual Hosts file is at once an easy tool to use and a very powerful one. My advice is to enter one setting and test it. Then enter the next setting and so on.

Once familiar you will see you have fine control over all of your web folders and files.





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