================================================================================
PART - 1
================================================================================
1] Power On
This time BIOS gets loaded into the RAM.The BIOS software which is
stored in the ROM is called firmware as it communicates with HW.
This process is called Bootstraping.
The main purpose of BIOS is to load any OS.
2] POST
This process is called Power-On-Self-Test.It does Hardware Inventory.
3] CMOS
The thing is called as Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor.
BIOS search for OS here as a result it gets the list of 3 bootable
devices.
4] MBR
Called Master-Boot-Record.Which has capacity of 512 bytes.As BIOS
gets into the MBR it loads the contents of MBR into the RAM.
This step is called as FIRST STAGE OF BOOTLOADING.
===================================================
----------------------------------------------------------
MBR is constituted of 3 parts as shown below.
Area Capacity Contents
(1)Boot Sector 446 bytes Contains Bootloader of any OS.
(2)Partition Table 64 bytes Contains entries regarding
partitions on HDD.
(3)Magic No. 2 bytes Flags regarding to OS.
----------------------------------------------------------
5] BIOS then executes the Bootloader in the MBR & transfer the control to it.
6] Anaconda loads LILO behind the currently present Bootloader at the time of
installation. So Bootloader contains LILO bootloader. So LILO gets executed.
===============================================================================
ANACONDA
Anaconda does following things during installation
(1) Loads LILO in the Boot Sector behind the current Bootloader.
(2) Writes partitions in partition table.
(3) Puts Magic No. i.e. flags regarding the MBR status of Bootloader.
(4) Examines the conf. file of LILO which is in /etc directory called lilo.conf. Anaconda converts it in 1's & 0's & stores it in Boot Sector of MBR.
----------------------------------------------------------
The lilo.conf file in /etc directory is run by lilo -t. This command
checks the conf. file first & gives result regarding it's status but
doesn't write the MBR. After getting proper results we can modify MBR
by the command lilo -v(verbose).
lilo -v command does following things
1} It reinstall LILO Bootloader in the Boot Sector of MBR
2} Examines /etc/lilo.conf & compiles(convert to binary) & then
installs this in the Boot Sector of the MBR near LILO provided no
error in the conf. file.
3} Reinstalls the map file located in /boot/map examining lilo.conf
file for location of the kernel.
----------------------------------------------------------
(5) Creates the message file in the /boot partition which contain linux splash
screen,also creates a map file in /etc partition containing 2 fields called
partition no. & location of kernel,it also creates system.map file in /boot
partition which contain startup sequence log of Linux.
(6) It also creates the backup of MBR in boot.0300 if HDD is IDE & boot.0800 if
HDD is SCSI.
================================================================================
7] Now in lilo.conf file LILO checks the prompt which gives directives to LILO
i.e. it directs the LILO to the labels in the lilo.conf & throws it on screen reading default label & timeout given in deciseconds.
8] Now LILO searches for Linux kernel i.e. /boot/vmlinuz 2.4.20.8.
9] But having no knowledge LILO reads the partition table & then loads another
file called /etc/boot.b.
This step is called as SECOND STAGE OF BOOTLOADING
===================================================
10] Now boot.b calls another file called /boot/map which contain detail entry
about partition having Linux kernel.
===============================================================================
PART - 2
================================================================================
11] So after loading vmlinuz-2.4.20.8 gets uncompresed & unarchinved by LILO.
12] LILO then executes the init binary & transfers control to the init system
daemon & init starts as a result of which LILO gets out of the RAM.
13] /sbin/init binary now checks it's conf. file calles /etc/inittab & starts
inittab in a subshell calles inittab.
14] In inittab shell init binary reads the configured runlevel.
15] Now inittab executes /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit in a subshell called rc.sysinit.
16] In rc.sysinit NW card checking is done,if NW card is present then anaconda
creates file called /etc/sysconfig/Network & hostname command is run
crerating hostname & giving Networking value yes.
17] If NW card is not their then rc.sysinit script creates the file called
/etc/sysconfig/Network hostname gets configured to localhost & for
Networking value is set as no.
18] After this rc.sysinit calls another script called /etc/init.d/functions in
the same shell.
19] In the Functions script global UMASK & global PATH get set.
20] It will then ask for interactive startup.
21] Functions script contains 17 shell functions as given below.
/etc/init.d/functions
-----------------------
1. Success
2. Passed
3. Failure
4. Warning
5. echo_success
6. echo_Passed
7. echo_Failure
8. echo_Warning
9. Action
10. Checkpid
11. Confirm
12. Daemon
13. Pidofproc
14. Pidfileofproc
15. Killproc
16. Status
17. Strstr
22] After this "Welcome to Red-hat release script is run" from /etc/
redhat-releas file.
23] Thereafter /var/log/dmesg file gets run & all filesystems will get mounted
in fstab & mtab gets updated.
24] After this rc.sysinit gets ended & from inittab rc script gets started in
a subshell called rcshell.
25] In rc shell previous & current runlevels get set & it will check
rc$runlevel.d in /etc directory exist or not.
26] Then it will run the rc$runlevel script in a subshell.Here all networking
application daemons starts & stops.
5 functions in the sript are
============================
1. Start
2. Stop
3. Restart
4. Condrestart
5. StatusBootProcess
27] At last /etc/rc.d/rc.local script gets executed which starts optional
scripts.
28] Now update command is run which starts the bdflush which synchronises swap
& disk operations.Nowadays this command is part of /sbin/init daemon.
29] Now Shutdown CAD(Ctrl+Alt+Del) magic keys are set.
30] Then Poweroff & Poweron Connections are Considered.
31] Now 6 mingettys are spawned with device drivers of terminals.In these 5
mingettys use to be sleeping state & one in awaken state.
32] Script prefdm is run if runlevel is configured 5.This examines script /etc/
sysconfi/desktop for dispmgr.With this inittab gets over.
================================================================================
PART - 3
================================================================================
33] The one awaken mingetty loads the driver for /dev/tty1.
34] Here /etc/issue script gets executed & magic cookies get allowed.
35] After this process /bin/login get executed & first mingetty goes to sleep.
36] After giving username /bin/login executes /usr/bin/passwd which ask passwd
& does authentication & authorization.
37] The mingetty then puts login in sleep & checks for .hushlogin in $HOME/$USER
38] If >hushlogin exists then it will login quietly witout displaying any
message.
39] If .hushlogin does not exist then mingetty will run following 3 files.
(1) lastlog* -u $USER /VAR/LOG/LASTLOG.
(2) /etc/motd displays message of the day.
(4) /var/spool/mail displays the mail if any this setting is done in
/etc/log.defs.
40] Then it starts /bin/logiv which takes over as independant daemon & mingetty goes into zombie state,later it is killed by init.
41] From here /bin/bash takes over & puts login again goes into sleep state.
42] Then bash executes /etc/profile sets ulimit such as HISSIZE,PATH etc.
43] Now profile executes 3 scripts.
(1) /etc/inputrc Sets Keyboard mappings.
(2) /etc/termcap Sets terminal capabilities.
(3) /etc/profile.d/*.sh Which contain 13 scripts as given below.
13 scripts of /etc/profile.d
=============================
1. colorsls.sh
2. vim.sh
3. glib2.sh
4. gnome-ssh-askpass.sh
5. krb5.sh
6. lam.sh
7. lang.sh
8. less.sh
9. mc.sh
10. pvm.sh
11. qt.sh
12. which-2.sh
13. xpvm.sh
44] Another file bash executes after login is /etc/bashrc which sets global
aliases & shell functions.Sets user's & root's final global umask.
45] Now bashrc executes another script called .bash_profile which is user's
personal profile & .bash_history,.bash_logout.After this we get the prompt
to to type various commands.
Linux Boot Process
linux complex commands cheat sheet
| Command | Description | |
| • | apropos whatis | Show commands pertinent to string. See also threadsafe |
| • | man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdf | make a pdf of a manual page |
| which command | Show full path name of command | |
| time command | See how long a command takes | |
| • | time cat | Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw |
| dir navigation | ||
| • | cd - | Go to previous directory |
| • | cd | Go to $HOME directory |
| (cd dir && command) | Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir | |
| • | pushd . | Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it |
| file searching | ||
| • | alias l='ls -l --color=auto' | quick dir listing |
| • | ls -lrt | List files by date. See also newest and find_mm_yyyy |
| • | ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS | Print in 9 columns to width of terminal |
| find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' | Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo | |
| find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' | Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir and below | |
| find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' | Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir | |
| find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done | Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop) | |
| • | find -type f ! -perm -444 | Find files not readable by all (useful for web site) |
| • | find -type d ! -perm -111 | Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site) |
| • | locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' | Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt |
| • | look reference | Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix |
| • | grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words | Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary |
| archives and compression | ||
| gpg -c file | Encrypt file | |
| gpg file.gpg | Decrypt file | |
| tar -c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 | Make compressed archive of dir/ | |
| bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar -x | Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files) | |
| tar -c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' | Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine | |
| find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar -c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 | Make archive of subset of dir/ and below | |
| find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents | Make copy of subset of dir/ and below | |
| ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) | Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir | |
| ( cd /dir/to/copy && tar -c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p ) | Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/ | |
| ( tar -c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar -x -p' | Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir | |
| dd bs=1M if=/dev/sda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=sda.gz' | Backup harddisk to remote machine | |
| rsync (Network efficient file copier: Use the --dry-run option for testing) | ||
| rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file | Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads | |
| rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile | Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O | |
| rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' | Mirror web site (using compression and encryption) | |
| rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ | Synchronize current directory with remote one | |
| ssh (Secure SHell) | ||
| ssh $USER@$HOST command | Run command on $HOST as $USER (default command=shell) | |
| • | ssh -f -Y $USER@$HOSTNAME xeyes | Run GUI command on $HOSTNAME as $USER |
| scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/ | Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST | |
| ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST | Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80 | |
| ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST | Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143 | |
| ssh-copy-id $USER@$HOST | Install $USER's public key on $HOST for password-less log in | |
| wget (multi purpose download tool) | ||
| • | (cd dir/ && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) | Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir |
| wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file | Continue downloading a partially downloaded file | |
| wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ | Download a set of files to the current directory | |
| wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ | FTP supports globbing directly | |
| • | wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head | Process output directly |
| echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 | Download url at 1AM to current dir | |
| wget --limit-rate=20k url | Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case) | |
| wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html | Check links in a file | |
| wget --mirror http://www.example.com/ | Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron) | |
| networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete) | ||
| ethtool eth0 | Show status of ethernet interface eth0 | |
| ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full | Manually set ethernet interface speed | |
| iwconfig eth1 | Show status of wireless interface eth1 | |
| iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed | Manually set wireless interface speed | |
| • | iwlist scan | List wireless networks in range |
| • | ip link show | List network interfaces |
| ip link set dev eth0 name wan | Rename interface eth0 to wan | |
| ip link set dev eth0 up | Bring interface eth0 up (or down) | |
| • | ip addr show | List addresses for interfaces |
| ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 | Add (or del) ip and mask (255.255.255.0) | |
| • | ip route show | List routing table |
| ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 | Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254 | |
| • | host pixelbeat.org | Lookup DNS ip address for name or vice versa |
| • | hostname -i | Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`) |
| • | whois pixelbeat.org | Lookup whois info for hostname or ip address |
| • | netstat -tupl | List internet services on a system |
| • | netstat -tup | List active connections to/from system |
| windows networking (Note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support) | ||
| • | smbtree | Find windows machines. See also findsmb |
| nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 | Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address | |
| smbclient -L windows_box | List shares on windows machine or samba server | |
| mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share | Mount a windows share | |
| echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box | Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2) | |
| text manipulation (Note sed uses stdin and stdout. Newer versions support inplace editing with the -i option) | ||
| sed 's/string1/string2/g' | Replace string1 with string2 | |
| sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' | Modify anystring1 to anystring2 | |
| sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' | Remove comments and blank lines | |
| sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' | Concatenate lines with trailing \ | |
| sed 's/[ \t]*$//' | Remove trailing spaces from lines | |
| sed 's/\([`"$\]\)/\\\1/g' | Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes | |
| • | seq 10 | sed "s/^/ /; s/ *\(.\{7,\}\)/\1/" | Right align numbers |
| sed -n '1000{p;q}' | Print 1000th line | |
| sed -n '10,20p;20q' | Print lines 10 to 20 | |
| sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' | Extract title from HTML web page | |
| sed -i 42d ~/.ssh/known_hosts | Delete a particular line | |
| sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n | Sort IPV4 ip addresses | |
| • | echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' | Case conversion |
| • | tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom | Filter non printable characters |
| • | tr -s '[:blank:]' '\t' </proc/diskstats | cut -f4 | cut fields separated by blanks |
| • | history | wc -l | Count lines |
| set operations (Note you can export LANG=C for speed. Also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) | ||
| sort file1 file2 | uniq | Union of unsorted files | |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -d | Intersection of unsorted files | |
| sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u | Difference of unsorted files | |
| sort file1 file2 | uniq -u | Symmetric Difference of unsorted files | |
| join -t'\0' -a1 -a2 file1 file2 | Union of sorted files | |
| join -t'\0' file1 file2 | Intersection of sorted files | |
| join -t'\0' -v2 file1 file2 | Difference of sorted files | |
| join -t'\0' -v1 -v2 file1 file2 | Symmetric Difference of sorted files | |
| math | ||
| • | echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l | Quick math (Calculate φ). See also bc |
| • | echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc | More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate |
| • | echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python | Python handles scientific notation |
| • | echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist | Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size |
| • | echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc | Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal) |
| • | echo $((0x2dec)) | Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion)) |
| • | units -t '100m/9.58s' 'miles/hour' | Unit conversion (metric to imperial) |
| • | units -t '500GB' 'GiB' | Unit conversion (SI to IEC prefixes) |
| • | units -t '1 googol' | Definition lookup |
| • | seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc | Add a column of numbers. See also add and funcpy |
| calendar | ||
| • | cal -3 | Display a calendar |
| • | cal 9 1752 | Display a calendar for a particular month year |
| • | date -d fri | What date is it this friday. See also day |
| • | [ $(date -d "tomorrow" +%d) = "01" ] || exit | exit a script unless it's the last day of the month |
| • | date --date='25 Dec' +%A | What day does xmas fall on, this year |
| • | date --date='@2147483647' | Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to date |
| • | TZ='America/Los_Angeles' date | What time is it on west coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ) |
| • | date --date='TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri' | What's the local time for 9AM next Friday on west coast US |
| locales | ||
| • | printf "%'d\n" 1234 | Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale |
| • | BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l | Use locale thousands grouping in ls. See also l |
| • | echo "I live in `locale territory`" | Extract info from locale database |
| • | LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix | Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes |
| • | locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less | List fields available in locale database |
| recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos) | ||
| • | recode -l | less | Show available conversions (aliases on each line) |
| recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt | Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion) | |
| recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt | Windows utf8 to local charset | |
| recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt | Latin9 (western europe) to utf8 | |
| recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 | Base64 encode | |
| recode /qp.. < file.qp > file.txt | Quoted printable decode | |
| recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html | Text to HTML | |
| • | recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro | Lookup table of characters |
| • | echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump | Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap |
| • | echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x | Show latin-9 encoding |
| • | echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x | Show utf-8 encoding |
| CDs | ||
| gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz | Save copy of data cdrom | |
| mkisofs -V LABEL -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz | Create cdrom image from contents of dir | |
| mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir | Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only) | |
| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast | Clear a CDRW | |
| gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom - | Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) | |
| cdparanoia -B | Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir | |
| cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio -pad *.wav | Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) | |
| oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' | Make ogg file from wav file | |
| disk space (See also FSlint) | ||
| • | ls -lSr | Show files by size, biggest last |
| • | du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head | Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop |
| • | du -hs /home/* | sort -k1,1h | Sort paths by easy to interpret disk usage |
| • | df -h | Show free space on mounted filesystems |
| • | df -i | Show free inodes on mounted filesystems |
| • | fdisk -l | Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root) |
| • | rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n | List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros |
| • | dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n | List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros |
| • | dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test | Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate |
| • | > file | truncate data of file or create an empty file |
| monitoring/debugging | ||
| • | tail -f /var/log/messages | Monitor messages in a log file |
| • | strace -c ls >/dev/null | Summarise/profile system calls made by command |
| • | strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null | List system calls made by command |
| • | strace -f -e trace=write -e write=1,2 ls >/dev/null | Monitor what's written to stdout and stderr |
| • | ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null | List library calls made by command |
| • | lsof -p $$ | List paths that process id has open |
| • | lsof ~ | List processes that have specified path open |
| • | tcpdump not port 22 | Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me |
| • | ps -e -o pid,args --forest | List processes in a hierarchy |
| • | ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' | List processes by % cpu usage |
| • | ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS | List processes by mem (KB) usage. See also ps_mem.py |
| • | ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state | List all threads for a particular process |
| • | ps -p 1,$$ -o etime= | List elapsed wall time for particular process IDs |
| • | last reboot | Show system reboot history |
| • | free -m | Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB) |
| • | watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts' | Watch changeable data continuously |
| • | udevadm monitor | Monitor udev events to help configure rules |
| system information (see also sysinfo) ('#' means root access is required) | ||
| • | uname -a | Show kernel version and system architecture |
| • | head -n1 /etc/issue | Show name and version of distribution |
| • | cat /proc/partitions | Show all partitions registered on the system |
| • | grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | Show RAM total seen by the system |
| • | grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo | Show CPU(s) info |
| • | lspci -tv | Show PCI info |
| • | lsusb -tv | Show USB info |
| • | mount | column -t | List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output) |
| • | grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info | Show state of cells in laptop battery |
| # | dmidecode -q | less | Display SMBIOS/DMI information |
| # | smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours | How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total |
| # | hdparm -i /dev/sda | Show info about disk sda |
| # | hdparm -tT /dev/sda | Do a read speed test on disk sda |
| # | badblocks -s /dev/sda | Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda |
| interactive (see also linux keyboard shortcuts) | ||
| • | readline | Line editor used by bash, python, bc, gnuplot, ... |
| • | screen | Virtual terminals with detach capability, ... |
| • | mc | Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ... |
| • | gnuplot | Interactive/scriptable graphing |
| • | links | Web browser |
| • | xdg-open . | open a file or url with the registered desktop application |
vmware keys for windows
you can register here for new serial keys
http://register.vmware.com/content/registration.html
98WDM-YMZ8F-1DQA3-49N1T
98WDN-YYY0A-1F78Q-4CHH1
http://register.vmware.com/content/registration.html
98WDM-YMZ8F-1DQA3-49N1T
98WDN-YYY0A-1F78Q-4CHH1
Nagios Monitoring linux and windows host with snmp
Documention for nagios
###########################################################################
The following documentation assusmes that you ave already got a nagios server installed frm nagios.org .
###########################################################################
install the net snmp package on you nagios server ( if not already installed )
yum install net-snmp-devel
download the snnm plugin for nagios
cd /usr/local/src
http://nagios.manubulon.com/nagios-plugins-snmp-0.6.0.tgz
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nagios
make
make install
############################################################################
the snmp.conf flile should look some thing like this the community string is public
snmpd.conf
# For more information, read the FAQ as well as the snmpd.conf(5)
# manual page.
## sec.name source community
## ======== ====== =========
com2sec local localhost public
com2sec network_1 211.85.43.0/24 public
#com2sec network_2 192.168.2.0/24 public
## Access.group.name sec.model sec.name
## ================= ========= ========
group MyROGroup_1 v1 local
group MyROGroup_1 v1 network_1
group MyROGroup_2 v2c network_2
## MIB.view.name incl/excl MIB.subtree mask
## ============== ========= =========== ====
view all-mibs included .1 80
#view all included .1 80
#view system included .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system
## MIB
## group.name context sec.model sec.level prefix read write notif
## ========== ======= ========= ========= ====== ==== ===== =====
access MyROGroup_1 "" v1 noauth exact all-mibs none none
access MyROGroup_2 "" v2c noauth exact all-mibs none none
The Following is the command will help you to find ou the OID of the host that you going to query in the future !!
snmpwalk ip_address -v1 -c public > /tmp/temfile.txt
Following is the command to check process running on Linux host.
1) this will chk if the etho link is up or not
./check_snmp_int -H linuxhost -C public -n eth0 -r
2) to check uptime fo the machine
./check_snmp -H linuxhost -C public -o sysUpTimeInstance
3) to check CPU load ( 5 min )
./check_snmp -H linuxhost -C notification -o hrProcessorLoad.1 -w 80 -c 90
4.) to check disk space ( / , /home, /usr, ) do also ( snmpwalk linuxhost -v1 -c public hrStorageDescr ) to find out the partition list
./check_snmp_storage -H linuxhost -C notification -m /home -w 80% -c 90%
5) to check smtp
./check_smtp -H linuxhost -C public -w 10 -c 20
6) to check pop
./check_pop -H linuxhost -C public -w 10 -c 20
7) to check imap
./check_imap -H linuxhost -C public -w 10 -c 20
Following is the command to check process running on windows host.
1) this will chk if the etho link is up or not
./check_snmp -H windowshost -C notification -o ifDescr.2
2) to check uptime fo the machine
/check_snmp -H windowshost -C notification -o sysUpTimeInstance
3) to check CPU load ( 5 min )
./check_snmp -H windowshost -C public -o 1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.2
4) to check is /home disk space
./check_snmp_storage -H windowshost -C public -m /home -w 80% -c 90%
5) Swap % used is less than 80% and 90%
./check_snmp_storage -H windowshost -C public -m Swap -w 80% -c 90%
6) to check smtp
./check_smtp -H windowshost -C public -w 10 -c 20
7) to check pop
./check_pop -H windowshost -C public -w 10 -c 20
8) to check imap
./check_imap -H windowshost -C public -w 10 -c 20
Now we need chk if the following is added in the command.cfg
# 'check_snmp' command definition
define command{
command_name check_snmp
command_line $USER1$/check_snmp -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -o $ARG2$
}
# 'check_http' command definition
define command{
command_name check_http
command_line $USER1$/check_http -I $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
# 'check_http' command definition
define command{
command_name check_http_tmp
command_line $USER1$/check_http -H $ARG1$
}
# 'check_pop' command definition
define command{
command_name check_pop
command_line $USER1$/check_pop -H $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
# 'check_imap' command definition
define command{
command_name check_imap
command_line $USER1$/check_imap -H $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
# 'check_smtp' command definition
define command{
command_name check_smtp
command_line $USER1$/check_smtp -H $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
#'check_snmp_int' if link is up
define command{
command_name check_snmp_int
command_line $USER1$/check_snmp_int -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -n $ARG2$ -r
}
#'check_snmp_storage' storage space
define command{
command_name check_snmp_storage
command_line $USER1$/check_snmp_storage -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -m $ARG2$ -w 80% -c 90%
}
Need to add the followin in the windows.cfg ( for windows host only )
############################# Hosts ###########################################
define host{
use linux-server ; Inherit default values from a Windows server template (make sure you keep this line!)
host_name server74
alias server74.dns.org
address windows_ipaddress
}
##############################################################################
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description CPU load
check_command check_snmp!notification!hrProcessorLoad.1! -w 80 -c 90
}
# Create a service for monitoring the uptime of the server
# Change the host_name to match the name of the host you defined above
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description Uptime
check_command check_snmp!notification!sysUpTimeInstance
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description ethernet link test
check_command check_snmp!notification!ifDescr.2
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description check disk c drive
check_command check_snmp_storage!notification!^C:
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description httpd service
check_command check_http_tmp!compose.company.com!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description smtp service
check_command check_smtp!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description pop service
check_command check_pop!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description IMAP service
check_command check_imap!!-w 10 -c 20
}
Need to add the following in the the linux.cfg ( for linux host only )
############################# Hosts ###########################################
define host{
use linux-server ; Inherit default values from a Windows server template (make sure you keep this line!)
host_name server74
alias server74.dns.org
address linuxhost_ipaddress
}
##############################################################################
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description CPU load
check_command check_snmp!public!.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.2
}
# Create a service for monitoring the uptime of the server
# Change the host_name to match the name of the host you defined above
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description Uptime
check_command check_snmp!public!.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description ethernet link test
check_command check_snmp_int!public!eth0
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /home
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!home
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /var
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/var
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /usr
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/usr
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /backup
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/backup
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description httpd service
check_command check_http!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description smtp service
check_command check_smtp!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description pop service
check_command check_pop!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description IMAP service
check_command check_imap!!-w 10 -c 20
}
The following documentation assusmes that you ave already got a nagios server installed frm nagios.org .
###########################################################################
install the net snmp package on you nagios server ( if not already installed )
yum install net-snmp-devel
download the snnm plugin for nagios
cd /usr/local/src
http://nagios.manubulon.com/nagios-plugins-snmp-0.6.0.tgz
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nagios
make
make install
############################################################################
the snmp.conf flile should look some thing like this the community string is public
snmpd.conf
# For more information, read the FAQ as well as the snmpd.conf(5)
# manual page.
## sec.name source community
## ======== ====== =========
com2sec local localhost public
com2sec network_1 211.85.43.0/24 public
#com2sec network_2 192.168.2.0/24 public
## Access.group.name sec.model sec.name
## ================= ========= ========
group MyROGroup_1 v1 local
group MyROGroup_1 v1 network_1
group MyROGroup_2 v2c network_2
## MIB.view.name incl/excl MIB.subtree mask
## ============== ========= =========== ====
view all-mibs included .1 80
#view all included .1 80
#view system included .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system
## MIB
## group.name context sec.model sec.level prefix read write notif
## ========== ======= ========= ========= ====== ==== ===== =====
access MyROGroup_1 "" v1 noauth exact all-mibs none none
access MyROGroup_2 "" v2c noauth exact all-mibs none none
The Following is the command will help you to find ou the OID of the host that you going to query in the future !!
snmpwalk ip_address -v1 -c public > /tmp/temfile.txt
Following is the command to check process running on Linux host.
1) this will chk if the etho link is up or not
./check_snmp_int -H linuxhost -C public -n eth0 -r
2) to check uptime fo the machine
./check_snmp -H linuxhost -C public -o sysUpTimeInstance
3) to check CPU load ( 5 min )
./check_snmp -H linuxhost -C notification -o hrProcessorLoad.1 -w 80 -c 90
4.) to check disk space ( / , /home, /usr, ) do also ( snmpwalk linuxhost -v1 -c public hrStorageDescr ) to find out the partition list
./check_snmp_storage -H linuxhost -C notification -m /home -w 80% -c 90%
5) to check smtp
./check_smtp -H linuxhost -C public -w 10 -c 20
6) to check pop
./check_pop -H linuxhost -C public -w 10 -c 20
7) to check imap
./check_imap -H linuxhost -C public -w 10 -c 20
Following is the command to check process running on windows host.
1) this will chk if the etho link is up or not
./check_snmp -H windowshost -C notification -o ifDescr.2
2) to check uptime fo the machine
/check_snmp -H windowshost -C notification -o sysUpTimeInstance
3) to check CPU load ( 5 min )
./check_snmp -H windowshost -C public -o 1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.2
4) to check is /home disk space
./check_snmp_storage -H windowshost -C public -m /home -w 80% -c 90%
5) Swap % used is less than 80% and 90%
./check_snmp_storage -H windowshost -C public -m Swap -w 80% -c 90%
6) to check smtp
./check_smtp -H windowshost -C public -w 10 -c 20
7) to check pop
./check_pop -H windowshost -C public -w 10 -c 20
8) to check imap
./check_imap -H windowshost -C public -w 10 -c 20
Now we need chk if the following is added in the command.cfg
# 'check_snmp' command definition
define command{
command_name check_snmp
command_line $USER1$/check_snmp -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -o $ARG2$
}
# 'check_http' command definition
define command{
command_name check_http
command_line $USER1$/check_http -I $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
# 'check_http' command definition
define command{
command_name check_http_tmp
command_line $USER1$/check_http -H $ARG1$
}
# 'check_pop' command definition
define command{
command_name check_pop
command_line $USER1$/check_pop -H $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
# 'check_imap' command definition
define command{
command_name check_imap
command_line $USER1$/check_imap -H $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
# 'check_smtp' command definition
define command{
command_name check_smtp
command_line $USER1$/check_smtp -H $HOSTADDRESS$ $ARG1$
}
#'check_snmp_int' if link is up
define command{
command_name check_snmp_int
command_line $USER1$/check_snmp_int -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -n $ARG2$ -r
}
#'check_snmp_storage' storage space
define command{
command_name check_snmp_storage
command_line $USER1$/check_snmp_storage -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -C $ARG1$ -m $ARG2$ -w 80% -c 90%
}
Need to add the followin in the windows.cfg ( for windows host only )
############################# Hosts ###########################################
define host{
use linux-server ; Inherit default values from a Windows server template (make sure you keep this line!)
host_name server74
alias server74.dns.org
address windows_ipaddress
}
##############################################################################
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description CPU load
check_command check_snmp!notification!hrProcessorLoad.1! -w 80 -c 90
}
# Create a service for monitoring the uptime of the server
# Change the host_name to match the name of the host you defined above
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description Uptime
check_command check_snmp!notification!sysUpTimeInstance
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description ethernet link test
check_command check_snmp!notification!ifDescr.2
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description check disk c drive
check_command check_snmp_storage!notification!^C:
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description httpd service
check_command check_http_tmp!compose.company.com!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description smtp service
check_command check_smtp!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description pop service
check_command check_pop!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server89
service_description IMAP service
check_command check_imap!!-w 10 -c 20
}
Need to add the following in the the linux.cfg ( for linux host only )
############################# Hosts ###########################################
define host{
use linux-server ; Inherit default values from a Windows server template (make sure you keep this line!)
host_name server74
alias server74.dns.org
address linuxhost_ipaddress
}
##############################################################################
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description CPU load
check_command check_snmp!public!.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.10.1.3.2
}
# Create a service for monitoring the uptime of the server
# Change the host_name to match the name of the host you defined above
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description Uptime
check_command check_snmp!public!.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.3.0
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description ethernet link test
check_command check_snmp_int!public!eth0
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /home
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!home
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /var
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/var
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /usr
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/usr
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description check disk /backup
check_command check_snmp_storage!public!/backup
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description httpd service
check_command check_http!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description smtp service
check_command check_smtp!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description pop service
check_command check_pop!!-w 10 -c 20
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server74
service_description IMAP service
check_command check_imap!!-w 10 -c 20
}
nagios : email notification for different email ID for different hosts
There are cases when you want to send email notification to specific email ID for specific host.
there is a configuration file called as contacts.cfg , here we need to add the following :
define contact{
contact_name cocubes
use generic-contact-1
alias cocubes
email user_name@gmail.com
}
contact_name cocubes
use generic-contact-1
alias cocubes
email user_name@gmail.com
}
contact_name is a general name you give to this contact. use --- this the set template mentioned in template.cfg
alias is a general user name
email is the email id
NOTE: open the templeate.cfg
we create a new template called generic-contact-1 , which has the following template
define contact{
name generic-contact-1 ; The name of this contact template
host_notification_period 24x7 ; host notifications can be sent anytime
host_notification_options d,u,r,f,s ; send notifications for all host states, flapping events, and scheduled downtime events
service_notification_commands notify-service-by-email ; send service notifications via email
host_notification_commands notify-host-by-email ; send host notifications via email
register 0 ; DONT REGISTER THIS DEFINITION - ITS NOT A REAL CONTACT, JUST A TEMPLATE!
}
This template basically tell nagios to only send notification if the server is down and not to send service warning.
Now that we have set the email address we have to set the host that we want to monitor
lets open the file windows.cfg
we add contacts variable to the host object
vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/windows.cfg
define host{
use windows-server
host_name cocubes
alias coc.space.com
contacts cocubes
address 202.XX.XXX.XX
}
now restart nagios
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